Psychology 120 by Darryl Halim

It is true that memories from the first two years is not as accurate as we think. This situation is called childhood amnesia or sometimes called infantile amnesia. Childhood amnesia is basically the inability to remember events and experiences that occurred during the first two or three years of life. Even after that, memories are sketchy at best until about age six (Jack & Hayne, 2010). Many people get upset and even adamantly deny the idea of being a childhood amnesia victim. They just thought that they "remember" the events correctly even though those are merely reconstructions of their memories based on photographs, family stories, and imagination. With all said, of course not all memories during the first two years are a false memories. We all still retain our procedural like when we first learned to use a fork and semantic memories like the rules of counting. Young children cannot start encode and retain their early episodic memories consistently until about age 4...

When tests find IQ differences between groups of children from different cultures, it does not always necessarily that the children who score lower are inherently less intelligent. There are a lot of things to consider. It is difficult to construct tests that are reliable and valid. In this particular case, it is hard to construct a generalized tests with no cultural bias. Test-maker tried to incorporate knowledge and skills common to many different cultures. But these efforts were disappointing. One reason was that cultures differ in the problem-solving strategies they emphasize (Serpell, 1994). This means that the problem-solving for each cultures is different and will also affect on how well they will do the particular IQ tests. The other thing to look at is stereotype threat. Stereotype threat is a insecurity that caused by burden of doubt about their abilities and how they think they will performs in the test. This threat occurs when people believe that if they do not do well,...

The evidence shows that punishment such as fines, long prison terms, yelling and spanking are not the good ways to get id of undesirable behavior. Although sometimes punishment is effective, there are many reasons on why punishment may fails. The key for punishment to work is the consistency of the punishment. For example, a study of one of the criminal records from the past suggest that punishment can deter some young criminals from repeating their offences. After a few of given arrest, punishment did reduced rates of subsequent arrest. In addition, the type of punishment really made no difference.  There is many reasons of why punishment might fail. People often administer punishment inappropriately or mindlessly. For instance, when we angry at someone for doing a mistake, we often blindly rage at them or shout things we don't mean. This situation could lead to another reason which is the recipient of this harsh punishment often responds with anxiety, fear or rage. These negat...